Anjali Padmanaban

Vocab AH/C 2:

 

Abacus - the flat slab on top of a capital, supporting the architrave.
 

Abhaya – Hindu: one modern form, the only variation from these old elements is that the lower-right hand does not hold the broken tusk but rather is turned toward the viewer in a gesture of protection or fearlessness abhaya mudra.
 

Achaemenids - The Achaemenid Empire, or First Persian Empire, was an empire based in Western Asia in Iran, founded in the 6th century BC by Cyrus the Great. The dynasty draws its name from king Achaemenes, who ruled Persis between 705 BC and 675 BC

 

Acropolis - An acropolis is a settlement, especially a citadel, built upon an area of elevated ground—frequently a hill with precipitous sides, chosen for purposes of defense
 

Agora - (in ancient Greece) a public open space used for assemblies and markets.
 

Aisle - (in a church) a lower part parallel to and at the side of a nave, choir, or transept, from which it is divided by pillars.
 

Ala - (in an ancient Roman house) a small room, as an alcove, opening into a larger room or courtyard.
 

Amalaka - is a stone disk, usually with ridges on the rim that sits atop a temple's main tower. According to one interpretation, the amalaka represents a lotus, and thus the symbolic seat for the deity below.
 

Amarna style - The Ancient Egyptian art style, known as Amarna Art or the Amarna Style, is a style which was adopted in the Amarna Period (i.e. during and just after the reign of Akhenaten in the late Eighteenth Dynasty), and is noticeably different from more conventional Egyptian art styles.

 

Amazonomachy - was the portrayal of the mythical battle between the Ancient Greeks and the Amazons, a nation of all-female warriors.
 

Ambulatory - a place for walking, especially an aisle around the apse or a cloister in a church or monastery.
 

Amphiprostyle - (of a classical building) having a portico at each end and no columns along the sides.
 

Amphitheatre - (especially in Greek and Roman architecture) a round or oval building, typically unroofed, with a central space for the presentation of dramatic or sporting events. Tiers of seats for spectators surround the central space.
 

Amphora - a tall ancient Greek or Roman jar with two handles and a narrow neck.
 

15.    Anamorphic image - is an image that appears normal only when viewed from some particular perspective or when viewed through some transforming optical device such as a mirror.
 

16. Antae - n architecture, slightly projecting column at the end of a wall, produced by either a thickening of the wall or attachment of a separate strip.
 

17. Apadana - is a large hypostyle hall, the best-known examples being the great audience hall and portico at Persepolis and the palace of Susa. The Persepolis Apadana belongs to the oldest building phase of the city of Persepolis, the first half of the 5th century BC, as part of the original design by Darius the Great. "Demonstrates the metaphorical nature of the Apadana reliefs as idealized social orders"

18.    Apostle - each of the twelve chief disciples of Jesus Christ.
 

19.    Apotheosis - the highest point in the development of something; culmination or climax.

20. Apse - a large semicircular or polygonal recess in a church, arched or with a domed roof, typically at the eastern end, and usually containing the altar.
 

21.    Apsidal -Architecture. a semicircular or polygonal termination or recess  in abuilding, usually vaulted and used especially at the end of a choirin a church.
 

22.    Arcade - a covered passageway with arches along one or both sides.
 

23. Arch -  is a structure that spans a space and supports structure and weight below it. Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture[1] and their systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures. The three forms of arches include: Fixed arches, keystone arches, and corbelled arches.

24. Archaic - of an early period of art or culture, especially the 7th–6th centuries BC in Greece.
 

25. Archaic smile - was used by Greek Archaic sculptors, especially in the second quarter of the 6th century BCE, possibly to suggest that their subject was alive, and infused with a sense of well-being.
 

26. Architrave - (In classical architecture) a main beam resting across the tops of columns, specifically the lower third entablature.
 

27.    Archivolt - a band of molding, resembling an architrave, around the lower curve of an arch.
 

28. Arcuated - of a building dependent on the use of the arch, not post and lintel (trabeated).

29.    Arena - a level area surrounded by seats for spectators, in which sports, entertainments, and other public events are held.
 

30.    Asceticism - severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.
 

 at the command of King Minos, to house the Minotaur.
 

31.    Atmospheric perspective - method of creating the illusion of depth, or recession, in a painting or drawing by modulating colour to simulate changes effected by the atmosphere on the colours of things seen at a distance.
 

32.    Atrium - an open-roofed entrance hall or central court in an ancient Roman house.
 

33.    Attic - a space or room just below the roof of a building.
 

34.    Avatar - a manifestation of a deity or released soul in bodily form on earth; an incarnate divine teacher.
 

35.    Baldacchino - a ceremonial canopy of stone, metal, or fabric over an altar, throne, or doorway.

36.    Baptistery - (in a Baptist chapel) a sunken receptacle used for baptism by total immersion.
 

37.    Baray - (of a person or part of the body) not clothed or covered.
 

38. Barrel vault - also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. The curves are typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance to the total design. 

39.     Base - the lowest part or edge of something, especially the part on which it rests or is supported.

40.    Basilica - a large oblong hall or building with double colonnades and a semicircular apse, used in ancient Rome as a court of law or for public assemblies. A building similar to a Roman basilica, used as a Christian church. The name given to certain churches granted special privileges by the pope.
 

41.    Basilican plan - There were several variations of the basic plan of the secular basilica, always some kind of rectangular hall, but the one usually followed for churches had a central nave with one aisle at each side and an apse at one end opposite to the main door at the other end.
 

42.    Bay - is a unit of form in architecture which has several meanings relating to the space between architectural elements, or a recess or compartment. The word bay has historically been used to define, in general terms, the size of a building.
 

43.    Bhakti - devotional worship directed to one supreme deity, usually Vishnu (especially in his incarnations as Rama and Krishna) or Shiva, by whose grace salvation may be attained by all regardless of sex, caste, or class. It is practiced by the majority of Hindus today.
 

44.    Bhumisparsha - The "earth witness" Buddha is one of the most common iconic images of Buddhism. It depicts the Buddha sitting in meditation with his left hand, palm upright, in his lap, and his right hand touching the earth. This represents the moment of the Buddha's enlightenment.
 

45.     Bilingual vases - s a special form of ancient Greek vase painting. The term, derived from linguistics, is essentially a metaphorical one; it describes vases that are painted both in the figure and in the red-figure techniques. It also describes the transitional period when black-figure was being gradually replaced in dominance by red-figure, basically the last quarter of the 6th and the very beginning of the 5th century BC. Their appearance may be due to the initial uncertainty of the market for the new red-figure style, although that style subsequently became dominant rather fast.
 

46. Bind arcade - A blind arcade is an arcade that is composed of a series of arches that has no actual openings and that is applied to the surface of a wall as a decorative element: i.e. the arches are not windows or openings but are part of the masonry face. 

47.    Black-figure painting - also known as the black-figure style or black-figure ceramic is one of the styles of painting on antique Greek vases. It was especially common between the 7th and 5th centuries BC, although there are specimens dating as late as the 2nd century BC. Stylistically it can be distinguished from the preceding Orientalizing period and the subsequent red-figure pottery style.
 

48.    Bodhisattva - (in Mahayana Buddhism) a person who is able to reach nirvana but delays doing so out of compassion in order to save suffering beings.
 

49.    Boss- is a knob or protrusion of stone or wood. Bosses can often be found in the ceilings of buildings, particularly at the intersection of a vault.[1] In Gothic architecture, such roof bosses (or ceiling bosses) are often intricately carved with foliage, heraldic devicesor other decorations. Many feature animals, birds, or human figures or faces, sometimes realistic, but often grotesque: the Green Man is a frequent subject.
 

50. Buon fresco - Italian for true fresco, is a fresco painting technique — in which alkaline resistant pigments, ground in water, are applied to wet plaster.
 

51.    Buttress - provide (a building or structure) with projecting supports built against its walls.
 

52.    Caduceus - The caduceus is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology. The same staff was also borne by heralds in general, for example by Iris, the messenger of Hera. It is a short staff entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by wings. 
 

53.    Caldarium - A caldarium was a room with a hot plunge bath, used in a Roman bath complex. This was a very hot and steamy room heated by a hypocaust, an underfloor heating system.
 

54.    Caliph - the chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. The caliph ruled in Baghdad until 1258 and then in Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517; the title was then held by the Ottoman sultans until it was abolished in 1924 by Atatürk.

55.    Calligraphy - decorative handwriting or handwritten lettering.

56.    Campanile - an Italian bell tower, especially a freestanding one.
 

57.    Canon - a collection or list of sacred books accepted as genuine.
 

58. Capital - forms the topmost member of a column (orpilaster). It mediates between the column and the load thrusting down upon it, broadening the area of the column's supporting surface. 

59.    Capitolium - the Capitol, the temple of Jupiter, at Rome, built on the summit of, by the Tarquinii, and afterwards splendidly adorned.
 

60.    Cardo - The cardo was a north–south-oriented street in Roman cities, military camps, and coloniae. The cardo, an integral component of city planning, was lined with shops and vendors, and served as a hub of economic life. The main cardo was called cardo maximus.|
 

61. Caryatid - a stone carving of a draped female figure, used as a pillar to support the entablature of a Greek or Greek-style building.

62.    Castrum - an old Roman fortress
 

63.    Catacombs - an underground cemetery consisting of a subterranean gallery with recesses for tombs, as constructed by the ancient Romans.
 

64.    Cathedral - the principal church of a diocese, with which the bishop is officially associated.
 

65.    Cavea - a warning or proviso of specific stipulations, conditions, or limitations.
 

66. Cella - A cella (from Latin for small chamber) or naos (from the Greek ναός, "temple"), is the inner chamber of a temple in classical architecture,).

67.    Centaur - a creature with the head, arms, and torso of a man and the body and legs of a horse.
 

68.    Centauromachy - A fight in which centaurs take part, - a common theme for 

69.    Central plan -  During the Renaissance the ideal church plan tended to be centralized; that is, it was symmetrical about a central point, as is a circle, a square, or a Greek cross (which has four equal arms). Many Renaissance architects came to believe that the circle was the most perfect geometric form
 

70.    Cestrum - a large genus of fragrant tropical American shrubs (family Solanaceae) having red, yellow, or white fragrant clustered tubular flowers.
 

71.    Chaitya hall - A chaitya is a Buddhist shrine or prayer hall with a stupa at one end. In modern texts on Indian architecture, the term chaitya-griha is often used to denote an assembly or prayer hall that houses a stupa.
 

72.    Chakra - (in Indian thought) each of the centers of spiritual power in the human body, usually considered to be seven in number.
 

73.    Chakravartin -  is an ancient Indian term used to refer to an ideal universal ruler, who rules ethically and benevolently over the entire world. Such a ruler's reign is called sarvabhauma.
 

74. Chamfer - in carpentry, cut away (a right-angled edge or corner) to make a symmetrical sloping edge.

75.    Chancel - the part of a church near the altar, reserved for the clergy and choir, and typically separated from the nave by steps or a screen.

76.    Chancel arch - In church architecture, the chancel is the space around the altar in the sanctuary at the liturgical east end of a traditional Christian church building. It may terminate in an apse. 
 

77.    Chaplet - a garland or wreath for a person's head, or a string of 55 beads (one third of the rosary number) for counting prayers, or as a necklace.
 

78.    Charun - From an Etruscan red-figure calyx-crater. End of the 4th century BC-beginning of the 3rd century BC. The other side of the same artifact, depicting Ajax killing a Trojan prisoner in front of Charun.
 

79.    Chatra - Chatra is a genus of Moth in the family Lasiocampidae.
 

80.    Chimera - (in Greek mythology) a fire-breathing female monster with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail.
 

81.    Chiton - a long woolen tunic worn in ancient Greece.
 

82.    Choir (Church Architecture version) - is the area of a church or cathedral that provides seating for the clergy and choir. It is usually in the eastern part of the chancel between the nave and thesanctuary (which houses the altar). The choir is occasionally located in the western part of the nave, usually when geographical conditions do not permit an altar facing the East.
 

83.    Christogram - a symbol for Christ, consisting of the Greek letters chi (Χ) and rho (Ρ).

84. Chryselephantine - is a term that refers to the sculptural medium of gold and ivory. Chryselephantine cult statues enjoyed high status in Ancient Greece.
 

85.    Circumambulation - is the act of moving around a sacred object or idol. Circumambulation of temples or deity images is an integral part of Hindu and Buddhist devotional practice (known in Sanskrit as pradakśiṇā).
 

86.    Cire perdue - another term for lost wax.
 

87.    Cista - A cista in the classical world was generally a casket, used for example to hold unguents or jewels. More specifically, in the Mystery cult, a cista mystica is a basket or chest used to house snakes.
 

88. Citadel - a fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city.

89. City-state - a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

90.    Classical - of or relating to ancient Greek or Latin literature, art, or culture.
 

91. Clerestory - the upper part of the nave, choir, and transepts of a large church, containing a series of windows. It is clear of the roofs of the aisles and admits light to the central parts of the building.

92.    Cloissonné - is an ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects, in recent centuries using vitreous enamel, and in older periods also inlays of cut gemstones, glass, and other materials. 

93.    Cloister - a covered walk in a convent, monastery, college, or cathedral, typically with a wall on one side and a colonnade open to a quadrangle on the other.

94.    Codex - an ancient manuscript text in book form.
 

95.    Coffer - a strongbox or small chest for holding valuables.

96. Colonnade - a row of columns supporting a roof, an entablature, or arcade.

97.    Colonnette - a small, thin column, especially one used to support an arcade
 

98. Column - an upright pillar, typically cylindrical and made of stone or concrete, supporting an entablature, arch, or other structure or standing alone as a monument.

99.    Composite capital - The composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. The composite order volutes are larger, however, and the composite order also has echinus molding with egg-and-dart ornamentation between the volutes.
 

100.                Conceptual representation - The second type of representation brought up by Kress and Leeuwen is the conceptual representation. These differ from narrative representations in many ways. Not only do conceptual representations lack vectors that are a vital element of narrative representations, these images also have a component of timelessness and represent their participants in their generalized essence. They represent a static concept rather than engaging their participants in some kind of action. Conceptual representations have three distinct subcategories to further define the way visuals define their participants: Classificatory, Analytical and Symbolical. Each of these three types carries distinct assumptions about the way they represent the world.

101. Concrete – Invented by Romans: a heavy, rough building material made from a mixture of broken stone or gravel, sand, cement, and water, that can be spread or poured into molds and that forms a stonelike mass on hardening. LOST BY STUPID-FREAKING ROMANS.

102.Confraternity - a brotherhood, especially with a charitable or religious purpose.
 

103.Congregational mosque - In many mosques, especially the early congregational mosques, the prayer hall has the hypostyle form (the roof held up by a multitude of columns).[68] One of the finest examples of the hypostyle-plan mosques is the Great Mosque of Kairouan (also known as the Mosque of Uqba) in Tunisia.

104.Contrapposto - an asymmetrical arrangement of the human figure in which the line of the arms and shoulders contrasts with while balancing those of the hips and legs.
 

105.                Corbel – noun, a projection jutting out from a wall to support a structure above it.
 

106.                Corbel arch - support (a structure such as an arch or balcony) on corbels.
 

107.Corinthian capital - The most ornate of the three main orders of classical Greek architecture, characterized by a slender fluted column having an ornate bell-shaped capital decorated with acanthus leaves.
 

108.Cornice - an ornamental molding around the wall of a room just below the ceiling.

109.                Course - a number of lectures or other matter dealing with a subject. 

110.Cross vault - a vault formed by the intersection of two or more vaults.
 

111.Crossing - in ecclesiastical architecture, is the junction of the four arms of a cruciform (cross-shaped) church.

112.Crossing tower - A crossing, in ecclesiastical architecture, is the junction of the four arms of a cruciform church. In a typically oriented church, the crossing gives access to the nave on the west, the transept arms on the north and south, and the choir on the east. 
 

113.Cruciform - having the shape of a cross.
 

114.Cubiculum - a burial chamber, as in catacombs.
 

115.Cuerda seca -  a technique used to simulate mosaic and cloisonné enamel effects in colored ceramic tiles.

116.Cuirass - a piece of armor consisting of breastplate and backplate fastened together.
 

117.Cult statue - a cult image (or idol) is a human-made object that is venerated for the deity, spirit or daemon that it embodies or represents. Cultus, the outward religious formulas of "cult" (meaning religious practice, as opposed to the pejorative term for a potentially dangerous "new religion"), often centers upon the treatment of cult images, which may be dressed, fed or paraded, etc. Religious images cover a wider range of all types of images made with a religious purpose, subject, or connection.
 

118.                Cuneiform - denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets.

119.Cuneus – wedge
 

120.                Cyclopean masonry - is a type of stonework found in Mycenaean architecture, built with massive limestone boulders, roughly fitted together with minimal clearance between adjacent stones and no use of mortar. The boulders typically seem unworked, but some may have been worked roughly with a hammer and the gaps between boulders filled in with smaller chunks of limestone.
 

121.                Cyclops - a member of a race of savage one-eyed giants. In the Odyssey, Odysseus escaped death by blinding the Cyclops Polyphemus.
 

122.                Cylinder seal - a small round cylinder, typically about one inch in length, engraved with written characters or figurative scenes or both, used in ancient times to roll an impression onto a two-dimensional surface, generally wet clay. Cylinder seals were invented around 3500 BC in the Near East